Refinement of methods for genotyping of genetically modified rodents

Successful breeding programmes of genetically modified animals rely on efficient and reliable genotyping methods. Selection of a genotyping method in the context of breeding programmes is dependent on the target, the quantity of animals to be analysed and sensitivity and reliability of methods among others. Whatever the method(s) of choice they all rely on the availability of samples (tissues, cells or bio fluids). The procedures for collection of these samples has to go hand in hand with proper identification of the animals in order to be able to link a genotyping result with the appropriate animal. In case the method of marking involves the removal of tissue, this tissue should ideally be used for genotyping. In practice, however, it is often said such a combined application is not possible. In conclusion, an evaluation of genotyping techniques and methods for identification and their combined use in the context of breeding programmes of increasingly complex genetically modified animals is needed. Guidelines will contribute to optimal genetic quality control programmes involving minimal impairment of animal welfare.